Deskripsi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 What are fungi? 1
1.2 Physiology of the growing hypha 3
1.3 Hyphal aggregates 14
1.4 Spores of fungi 22
1.5 Taxonomy of fungi 32
Chapter 2 Protozoa: Myxomycota (slimemoulds) 40
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Acrasiomycetes: acrasid cellular slime moulds 40
2.3 Dictyosteliomycetes: dictyostelid slime moulds 41
2.4 Protosteliomycetes: protostelid plasmodial slime moulds 45
2.5 Myxomycetes: true (plasmodial) slime moulds 47
Chapter 3 Protozoa: Plasmodiophoromycota 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Plasmodiophorales 54
3.3 Control of diseases caused by Plasmodiophorales 62
3.4 Haptoglossa (Haptoglossales) 64
Chapter 4 Straminipila: minor fungal phyla 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 The straminipilous flagellum 68
4.3 Hyphochytriomycota 70
4.4 Labyrinthulomycota 71
Chapter 5 Straminipila: Oomycota 75
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Saprolegniales 79
5.3 Pythiales 95
5.4 Peronosporales 115
5.5 Sclerosporaceae 125
Chapter 6 Chytridiomycota 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Chytridiales 134
6.3 Spizellomycetales 145
6.4 Neocallimastigales (rumen fungi) 150
6.5 Blastocladiales 153
6.6 Monoblepharidales 162
Chapter 7 Zygomycota 165
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Zygomycetes: Mucorales 165
7.3 Examples of Mucorales 180
7.4 Zoopagales 200
7.5 Entomophthorales 202
7.6 Glomales 217
7.7 Trichomycetes 222
Chapter 8 Ascomycota (ascomycetes) 226
8.1 Introduction 226
8.2 Vegetative structures 226
8.3 Life cycles of ascomycetes 228
8.4 Conidia of ascomycetes 230
8.5 Conidium production in ascomycetes 231
8.6 Development of asci 236
8.7 Types of fruit body 245
8.8 Fossil ascomycetes 246
8.9 Scientific and economic significance of ascomycetes 246
8.10 Classification 247
Chapter 9 Archiascomycetes 250
9.1 Introduction 250
9.2 Taphrinales 251
9.3 Schizosaccharomycetales 253
9.4 Pneumocystis 259
Chapter 10 Hemiascomycetes 261
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Saccharomyces (Saccharomycetaceae) 263
10.3 Candida (anamorphic Saccharomycetales) 276
10.4 Pichia (Saccharomycetaceae) 281
10.5 Galactomyces (Dipodascaceae) 281
10.6 Saccharomycopsis (Saccharomycopsidaceae) 282
10.7 Eremothecium (Eremotheciaceae) 284
Chapter 11 Plectomycetes 285
11.1 Introduction 285
11.2 Ascosphaerales 286
11.3 Onygenales 289
11.4 Eurotiales 297
Chapter 12 Hymenoascomycetes: Pyrenomycetes 315
12.1 Introduction 315
12.2 Sordariales 315
12.3 Xylariales 332
12.4 Hypocreales 337
12.5 Clavicipitales 348
12.6 Ophiostomatales 364
12.7 Microascales 368
12.8 Diaporthales 373
12.9 Magnaporthaceae 377
12.10 Glomerellaceae 386
Chapter 13 Hymenoascomycetes: Erysiphales 390
13.1 Introduction 390
13.2 Phylogenetic aspects 392
13.3 Blumeria graminis 393
13.4 Erysiphe 401
13.5 Podosphaera and Sphaerotheca 404
13.6 Sawadaea 405
13.7 Phyllactinia and Leveillula 405
13.8 Control of powdery mildew diseases 408
Chapter 14 Hymenoascomycetes: Pezizales (operculate discomycetes) 414
14.1 Introduction 414
14.2 Pyronema (Pyronemataceae) 415
14.3 Aleuria (Pyronemataceae) 417
14.4 Peziza (Pezizaceae) 419
14.5 Ascobolus (Ascobolaceae) 419
14.6 Helvella (Helvellaceae) 423
14.7 Tuber (Tuberaceae) 423
14.8 Morchella (Morchellaceae) 427
Chapter 15 Hymenoascomycetes: Helotiales (inoperculate discomycetes) 429
15.1 Introduction 429
15.2 Sclerotiniaceae 429
15.3 Dermateaceae 439
15.4 Rhytismataceae 440
15.5 Other representatives of the Helotiales 442
Chapter 16 Lichenized fungi (chiefly Hymenoascomycetes: Lecanorales) 446
16.1 Introduction 446
16.2 General aspects of lichen biology 447
16.3 Lecanorales 455
Chapter 17 Loculoascomycetes 459
17.1 Introduction 459
17.2 Pleosporales 460
17.3 Dothideales 480
Chapter 18 Basidiomycota 487
18.1 Introduction 487
18.2 Basidium morphology 487
18.3 Development of basidia 488
18.4 Basidiospore development 490
18.5 The mechanism of basidiospore discharge 493
18.6 Numbers of basidiospores 495
18.7 Basidiospore germination and hyphal growth 496
18.8 Asexual reproduction 501
18.9 Mating systems in basidiomycetes 506
18.10 Fungal individualism: vegetative incompatibility between dikaryons 510
18.11 Relationships 511
18.12 Classification 512
Chapter 19 Homobasidiomycetes 514
19.1 Introduction 514
19.2 Structure and morphogenesis of basidiocarps 517
19.3 Importance of homobasidiomycetes 525
19.4 Euagarics clade 532
19.5 Boletoid clade 555
19.6 Polyporoid clade 560
19.7 Russuloid clade 566
19.8 Thelephoroid clade 572
19.9 Hymenochaetoid clade 573
19.10 Cantharelloid clade 574
19.11 Gomphoid_phalloid clade 575
Chapter 20 Homobasidiomycetes: gasteromycetes 577
20.1 Introduction 577
20.2 Evolution and phylogeny of gasteromycetes 578
20.3 Gasteromycetes in the euagarics clade 581
20.4 Gasteromycetes in the boletoid clade 585
20.5 Gasteromycetes in the gomphoid_phalloid clade 588
Chapter 21 Heterobasidiomycetes 593
21.1 Introduction 593
21.2 Ceratobasidiales 594
21.3 Dacrymycetales 598
21.4 Auriculariales 601
21.5 Tremellales 604
Chapter 22 Urediniomycetes: Uredinales (rust fungi) 609
22.1 Urediniomycetes 609
22.2 Uredinales: the rust fungi 609
22.3 Puccinia graminis, the cause of black stem rust 620
22.4 Other cereal rusts 627
22.5 Puccinia and Uromyces 629
22.6 Other members of the Pucciniaceae 631
22.7 Melampsoraceae 634
Chapter 23 Ustilaginomycetes: smut fungi and their allies 636
23.1 Ustilaginomycetes 636
23.2 The ‘true’smut fungi (Ustilaginomycetes) 636
23.3 Microbotryales (Urediniomycetes) 652
23.4 Exobasidiales (Ustilaginomycetes) 655
Chapter 24 Basidiomycete yeasts 658
24.1 Introduction 658
24.2 Heterobasidiomycete yeasts 660
24.3 Urediniomycete yeasts 666
24.4 Ustilaginomycete yeasts 670
Chapter 25 Anamorphic fungi (nematophagous and aquatic forms) 673
25.1 Nematophagous fungi 673
25.2 Aquatic hyphomycetes (Ingoldian fungi) 685
25.3 Aero-aquatic fungi 696
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